Lucius Verus AD 161-169 AE As. Roman Imperial. NGC VG

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Item: 164496969802

Denomination:As
Historical Period:Roman: Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)
Year:169 AD
Era:Ancient
Ruler:L. Verus
Certification:NGC

eBay Lucius Verus AD 161-169 AE As. Roman Imperial. NGC VG. Shipped with USPS First Class.Lucius Aurelius Verus (15 December 130 – January/February 169) was Roman emperor from 161 until his death in 169, alongside his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius. He was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Verus’ succession together with Marcus Aurelius marked the first time that the Roman Empire was ruled by multiple emperors, an increasingly common occurrence in the later history of the Empire.Born on 15 December 130, he was the eldest son of Lucius Aelius Caesar, first adopted son and heir to Hadrian. Raised and educated in Rome, he held several political offices prior to taking the throne. After his biological father’s death in 138, he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, who was himself adopted by Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year, and Antoninus Pius succeeded to the throne. Antoninus Pius would rule the empire until 161, when he died, and was succeeded Marcus Aurelius, who later raised his adoptive brother Verus to co-emperor. As emperor, the majority of his reign was occupied by his direction of the war with Parthia which ended in Roman victory and some territorial gains. After initial involvement in the Marcomannic Wars, he fell ill and died in 169. He was deified by the Roman Senate as the Divine Verus (Divus Verus). Born Lucius Ceionius Commodus on 15 December 130, Verus was the first-born son of Avidia and Lucius Aelius Caesar, the first adopted son and heir of Emperor Hadrian.[2] He was born and raised in Rome. Verus had another brother, Gaius Avidius Ceionius Commodus,[citation needed] and two sisters, Ceionia Fabia and Ceionia Plautia.[2] His maternal grandparents were the senator Gaius Avidius Nigrinus and the unattested noblewoman Plautia. Although Hadrian was his adoptive paternal grandfather, his biological paternal grandparents were the consul Lucius Ceionius Commodus and either Aelia or Fundania Plautia.When his father died in early 138, Hadrian chose Antoninus Pius (86–161) as his successor. Antoninus was adopted by Hadrian on the condition that Verus and Hadrian’s great-nephew Marcus Aurelius be adopted by Antoninus as his sons and heirs. By this scheme, Verus, who was already Hadrian’s adoptive grandson through his natural father, remained as such through his new father, Antoninus. The adoption of Marcus Aurelius was probably a suggestion of Antoninus himself, since Marcus was the nephew of Antoninus’ wife. Immediately after Hadrian’s death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus’ betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus’ daughter, instead. Faustina’s betrothal to Ceionia’s brother Lucius Commodus would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus’ proposal. As a prince and future emperor, Verus received careful education from the famous grammaticus Marcus Cornelius Fronto.[] He was reported to have been an excellent student, fond of writing poetry and delivering speeches. Verus started his political career as a quaestor in 153, became consul in 154, and in 161 was consul again with Marcus Aurelius as his senior partner. Accession of Lucius and Marcus (161) Antoninus died on 7 March 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius bore deep affection for Antoninus, as evidenced by the first book of Meditations.[4] Although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers.[5] The senate accepted, granting Lucius the imperium, the tribunician power, and the name Augustus.[6] Marcus became, in official titulature, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, forgoing his name Commodus and taking Marcus’s family name, Verus, became Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus.[7][notes 1] It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.[8][notes 2] In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more auctoritas, or authority, than Verus. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Pius’ administration, and he alone was Pontifex maximus. It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior.[8] As the biographer wrote, “Verus obeyed Marcus…as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor.”[10] Immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the Castra Praetoria, the camp of the praetorian guard. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as imperatores. Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special donative.[11] This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, more to officers. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years’ pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors.[12] The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus’ accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.[13] Pius’s funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, “elaborate”.[14] If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit would rise to the gods’ home in the heavens. Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their behavior during Pius’s campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors’ wishes.[15] A flamen, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Pius, now Divus Antoninus. Pius’s remains were laid to rest in Hadrian’s mausoleum, beside the remains of Marcus’s children and of Hadrian himself.[15] The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda.[13] Early rule (161–162) Ancient Roman bust of Lucius Verus as a young man, in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Soon after the emperors’ accession, Marcus’s eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle).[16] At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations.[17] Marcus and Lucius proved popular with the people of Rome, who strongly approved of their civiliter (lacking pomp) behavior.[18] The emperors permitted free speech, evinced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. At any other time, under any other emperor, he would have been executed. But it was a peaceful time, a forgiving time. And thus, as the biographer wrote, “No one missed the lenient ways of Pius.”[18] Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils’ accession reached him. He sent a note to the imperial freedman Charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly.[19] The tutor was immensely proud of his students. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: “There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. What I was hoping for then, I have now. The hope has become a reality.”[20] Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius.[21] Lucius was less esteemed by his tutor than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors.[22] Marcus told Fronto of his reading—Coelius and a little Cicero—and his family. His daughters were in Rome, with their great-great-aunt Matidia Minor; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them.[23] The emperors’ early reign proceeded smoothly. Marcus was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection.[24] Some minor troubles cropped up in the spring; there would be more later. In the spring of 162,[notes 3] the Tiber flooded over its banks, destroying much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention.[26][notes 4] In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries.[28] War with Parthia (161–166) Head of Lucius Verus on an older statue from 50 to 75 AD, in military garb and wearing a muscle cuirass, Farnese Collection, Naples Origins to Lucius’s dispatch (161–162)Edit On his deathbed, Pius spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him.[29] One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161.[30] Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own—Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself.[31] At the time of the invasion, the Governor of Syria was Lucius Attidius Cornelianus. Attidius had been retained as governor even though his term ended in 161, presumably to avoid giving the Parthians the chance to wrong-foot his replacement. The Governor of Cappadocia, the front-line in all Armenian conflicts, was Marcus Sedatius Severianus, a Gaul with much experience in military matters. But living in the east had a deleterious effect on his character.[32] Severianus had fallen under the influence of Alexander of Abonoteichus, a self-proclaimed prophet who carried a snake named Glycon around with him, but was really only a confidence man.[33] Alexander was father-in-law to the respected senator Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, then-proconsul of Asia, and friends with many members of the east Roman elite.[34] Alexander convinced Severianus that he could defeat the Parthians easily, and win glory for himself.[35] Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana)[36] into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general, Chosrhoes, at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates. Severianus made some attempt to fight Chosrhoes, but soon realized the futility of his campaign, and committed suicide. His legion was massacred. The campaign had only lasted three days.[37] There was threat of war on other frontiers as well—in Britain, and in Raetia and Upper Germany, where the Chatti of the Taunus mountains had recently crossed over the limes.[38] Marcus was unprepared. Pius seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that Marcus spent the whole of Pius’s twenty-three-year reign at his emperor’s side—and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers.[39][notes 5] Marcus made the necessary appointments: Marcus Statius Priscus, the Governor of Britain, was sent to replace Severianus as Governor of Cappadocia.[41] Sextus Calpurnius Agricola took Priscus’s former office.[42] Strategic emergency Colossal head of Lucius Verus (mounted on a modern bust), from a villa belonging to him in Acqua Traversa near Rome, between 180 and 183 AD, Louvre Museum, Paris More news arrived: Attidius Cornelianus’s army had been defeated in battle against the Parthians, and retreated in disarray.[43] Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions.[44] Three full legions were also sent east: I Minervia from Bonn in Upper Germany,[45] II Adiutrix from Aquincum,[46] and V Macedonica from Troesmis.[47] The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible.[48] Attidius Cornelianus himself was replaced by Marcus Annius Libo, Marcus’s first cousin. He was young—his first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties[49]—and, as a mere patrician, lacked military experience. Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one.[50] Marcus took a four-day public holiday at Alsium, a resort town on the Etrurian coast. He was too anxious to relax. Writing to Fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday.[51] Fronto replied ironically: “What? Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking and complete leisure for four whole days?”[52] He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Pius had enjoyed exercise in the palaestra, fishing, and comedy),[53] going so far as to write up a fable about the gods’ division of the day between morning and evening—Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure.[54] Marcus could not take Fronto’s advice. “I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged off,” he wrote back.[55] Marcus put on Fronto’s voice to chastise himself: “‘Much good has my advice done you’, you will say.” He had rested, and would rest often, but “—this devotion to duty. Who knows better than you how demanding it is?”[56] Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material, including Cicero’s pro lege Manilia, in which the orator had argued in favor of Pompey taking supreme command in the Mithridatic War. It was an apt reference (Pompey’s war had taken him to Armenia), and may have had some impact on the decision to send Lucius to the eastern front.[57] “You will find in it many chapters aptly suited to your present counsels, concerning the choice of army commanders, the interests of allies, the protection of provinces, the discipline of the soldiers, the qualifications required for commanders in the field and elsewhere […][notes 6]”[59] To settle his unease over the course of the Parthian War, Fronto wrote Marcus a long and considered letter, full of historical references. In modern editions of Fronto’s works, it is labeled De bello Parthico (On the Parthian War). There had been reverses in Rome’s past, Fronto writes, at Allia, at Caudium, at Cannae, at Numantia, Cirta, and Carrhae;[60] under Trajan, Hadrian, and Pius;[61] but, in the end, Romans had always prevailed over their enemies: “always and everywhere [Mars] has changed our troubles into successes and our terrors into triumphs”.[62] Lucius’s dispatch and journey east (162–163?) Over the winter of 161–62, as more troubling news arrived—a rebellion was brewing in Syria—it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian War in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, more suited to military activity.[63] Lucius’s biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius’s debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, to realize that he was an emperor. Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and Lucius left. Marcus remained in Rome; . Wars on the Danube and death In the spring of 168 war broke out in the Danubian border when the Marcomanni invaded the Roman territory. This war would last until 180, but Verus did not see the end of it. In 168, as Verus and Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome from the field, Verus fell ill with symptoms attributed to food poisoning, dying after a few days (169). However, scholars believe that Verus may have been a victim of smallpox, as he died during a widespread epidemic known as the Antonine Plague.[citation needed] Despite the minor differences between them, Marcus Aurelius grieved the loss of his adoptive brother. He accompanied the body to Rome, where he offered games to honour his memory. After the funeral, the senate declared Verus divine to be worshipped as Divus Verus.

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